INFECTION PREVENTION & CONTROL GUIDELINES guidelines
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Us
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Introduction
Message by
the Principal
Message by
the Medical Superintendent
Message by
the Dr.Nizam Damani
Contributions
Disclaimer
the Principal
×
Muhammad Farooq Afzal
Message by the
Principal
The healthcare facilities, especially the public sector hospitals, in underdeveloped nations are inadequately equipped, and the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HCAls) makes matters worse. The importance of infection prevention and control cannot be denied especially after the world had seen the worst pandemic of COVID-19, and other infectious diseases one after the other.The knowledge and comprehension of the core IPC practices are the ultimate need of the hour. The subject is very broad. Therefore, it is imperative to present certain key ideas in a way that is simple to access and comprehend.
I appreciate the team of Lahore General Hospital for coming up with the concept for this infection prevention and control mobile application in the hopes that it will be a helpful resource for medical professionals, nurses, paramedics, housekeeping staff, and anyone interested to learn and understand the fundamentals of IPC practices.
Muhammad Farooq Afzal
MBBS, MD, FCPS,FACS,MCPS (HPE), MBA(USA)
Fellow in Advanced Laparoscopic & Bariatric Surgery (USA)
Professor Of Surgery, PGMI/AMC/LGH LAHORE
the Medical Superintendent
×
Prof. Faryad Hussain
Message by the Medical Superintendent
Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
It gives me great pleasure to write this message on the occasion of the launch of a mobile
application for infection prevention and control guidelines. This is a commendable
initiative
by the MSDS and infection control department of Lahore General Hospital, as it will benefit
not only health care personnel but the general population as well. All crucial components,
such as hand hygiene and personal protective measures, have been addressed clearly and
succinctly. Furthermore, the use of illustrations to express all crucial and necessary
information adds clarity to the material.
Prof. Faryad Hussain
MBBS, FCPS (Pediatrics), PGPN (Boston University, USA)
Professor of Pediatric Medicine
Head, Pediatric Unit-II & Pediatric Pulmonology
the Dr.Nizam Damani
×
Prof. Nizam Damani
Message by the Dr.Nizam Damani
IPC Expert, Senior Consultant WHO
According to the recent World Health Organisation report, it has been estimated that out of
100 patients hospitalized, seven will be infected with healthcare-associated infections
(HAIs) and the risk of acquiring HAI is up to 20 times higher in low- and middle-income
countries. In addition, deaths are increased two to threefold when infections are resistant
to antimicrobials. This is an underestimate due to the lack of surveillance in most
healthcare facilities. HAls not only drain valuable health service resources in terms of
additional costs but also have an impact on the length of stay in the hospital as well as
additional nursing and medical time. In addition, especially in low- and middle-income
countries, the cost and impact of Hals to individuals and their families can be devastating
due to loss of income, indirect cost, and burden to family members in terms of time lost
from work in caring for the affected individual. The Covid -19 pandemic shows that both
patients and health workers can be at high risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 during
health care delivery and need to be protected. Therefore, the implementation of effective
Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) is now a major priority on a global basis.
Unfortunately, due to various reasons, implementation of even basic IPC practices can be
challenging, especially in low- and middle-income countries. I am delighted that Dr. Amina
Asif and the MSDS department have developed the IPC App for Lahore General Hospital,
Pakistan. This is a major achievement because the App is simple to use and is also available
in Urdu. It is available on mobile devices which allows not only easy accessibility to
implement good IPC practice at the point of care by health workers but also helps update IPC
guidelines and procedures regularly. To ease implementation, IPC procedures are illustrated
using images based on local guidelines. I am confident that the availability of the IPC App
supplemented by teaching and practical training in IPC will help the hospital to implement
good IPC practices at the point of care and will not only reduce HAIs but also help protect
health workers and visitors from other infections.
Prof. Nizam Damani
MBBS, MSc, FRCPath., FRCPI, CIC, DipHIC
×
Infection agent:
Human immune deficiency virus (HIV)
Precautions:
Standard 
Transmission route:
Person-to-person by sexual contact,percutaneous inoculation (eg ,needle stick injury),
infected blood or blood products, and verticaltransmission(from mother to child).
Infectivity Period:
lifelong (till viremia lasts)
Patients with HIV infection must not donate blood, plasma, or organs for transplant, tissue
cells, or semen for artifical insemination.
Infectious Agent:
Actinomyces israeli.
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route
Endogenous.
Infectivity period:
No human to human spread.
The natural reservoir is the human mouth and gut (commensal).
Infectious Agent:
Entamoeba hystolitica.
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route:
Fecal–oral route, ingestion of fecal contaminated food or water containing amoebic cyst.
Infectivity period:
As long as cysts appear in feces (can be for months to years).
Infectious Agent:
Aspergillus spp
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route:
Caused by inhalation of Aspergillus spp.spores, usually associated with building work
Infectivity period:
No human to human spread.Ubiquitous within the environment
Infectious Agent:
Candida spp (including Candida auris).
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Usually endogenous. In hospital spread can occur in special care units (e.g.
intensive care, neonatal, transplant, burns, and renal units) by contact with
secretions of mouth, skin, vagina, and feces from carriers.
Infectivity period:
As long as source is present.
defences are low(Immunosuppression).
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Varicella zoster virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Ariborne
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
Person to person by direct contact, droplet, or airborne spread of vesicle
fluid (chicken pox or shingles) or respiratory secretions of chicken pox pts.
Indirect contact
from environment, freshly contaminated with discharges from
vesicles and mucous membranes of infected people.
Infectivity period:
Susceptible persons should be considered to be infectious 10– 21 days following exposure The
patient is infectious from as long as 5 but usually
within 1–2 days before
the onset of the rash and continues until all
lesions are crusted or scabbed, usually 5 days after the rash
appears.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Infectious Agent:
Vibrio cholera.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces or vomit of infected
person.
Infectivity period:
Until fecal samples are negative (usually few days after clinical
recovery or after antibiotic treatment).Carrier states may persist for several months in some
cases.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
C. difficile.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Endogenous infection, precipitated by antibiotic therapy due to overgrowth
of C. difficile in the gut and toxin production.
Exogenous infection by ingestion of spores from a contaminated environment
Person-to-person spread in case of active diarrhea.
Infectivity period:
Duration of diarrhea.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Bacterial infection.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Contact with the discharge from the conjunctivae or respiratory tracts of infected persons
from contaminated fingers, clothing, or other articles.
Infectivity period:
Period of active infection.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious agent:
SARS- CoV 2 virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Airborne (In case of aerosol generating procedures)
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
Person to person by direct contact, droplet, or airborne spread of respiratory secretions of
pts .Spread by indirect contact from environment is very rare.
Infectivity Period:
(mild to moderate dis)Precautions can be discontinued 05 days after symptom settles for at
least 24 hours and improvement of other symptoms
(severe dis) )
Precautions can be discontinued 10 days after symptom settles for at least 24
hours and improvement of other symptoms.Still evolving (Regular updates at CDC
Website).
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Infectious agent:
Cytomegalovirus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Mucosal contact with infectious tissues, secretions, and excretions (urine, saliva, breast
milk, cervical secretions, semen etc) The fetus may be infected in utero or during birth.
Infectivity Period:
Virus is excreted for many months after primary infection and may persist or be episodic for
years.After neonatal infection, excretion of virus maybe present for 6 years.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Flaviviruses (serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Precautions:
Standard (Sleep under mosquito net)
Transmission route:
Bite of infective mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegyptis.
Infectivity period:
No direct person-to-person transmission.
Infectious Agent:
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Precautions:
Standard
Contact (For cutaneous diphtheria)
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Dropletel (For pharyngeal diphtheria)
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Transmission route:
Direct contact with a patient or carrier, or contact with articles contaminated
with discharge from lesions or respiratory secretions of infected people.
Infectivity period:
Until off antibiotics and three negative swabs 24 hours apart or after 14 days of appropriate
antibiotic
Treatment.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Infectious Agent:
Clostridium perfringens and other anaerobic organisms.
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route:
By contamination of a wound with soil or faecal material.Acquired from endogenous route.
Infectivity Period:
No person-to-person spread.
Infectious Agent:
Various agents including viral, bacterial and protozoal.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Often from contaminated food or water. Person-to-person spread is possible for
most infectious causes.
Infectivity Period:
Duration of diarrhea.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
N.Gonorrhoea
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
During sexual activity with an infected person
Infectivity Period:
For 24h after the start of effective antibiotic therapy.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Type A
Infectious Agent:
Hepatitis A virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Fecal-oral.
Infectivity period:
Humans: 7 days before to 7 days after onset of jaundice.
Type B and C
Infectious Agent:
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Sexually transmitted or by blood inoculation, e.g. needle stick accident, or shared needles in
IV drug misuse.
Infectivity period:
Blood and high-risk body fluids as long as viremia persists.
Type E
Infectious Agent:
Hepatitis E virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Fecal–oral. Food-borne via drinking water contaminated with feces from infected individuals or
animals. Parenteral spread, via blood products and solid organ transplantation.
Type A
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Type B and C
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Type E
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Herpes simplex virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Direct transmission by contact with the active lesions/vesicle fluid of infected individuals.
Infectivity period:
Until vesicles are healed.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Varicella virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Ariborne
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
Endogenous type infection—reactivation of latent varicella infection.
Infectivity period:
Until vesicles are dry and healed.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
Endogenous type infection—reactivation of latent varicella infection.
Infectivity period:
Until vesicles are dry and healed.
Infectious Agent:
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
By direct contact with infected people or indirectly by contaminated articles.
Infectivity period:
For 24 hours after initiation of effective antibiotic therapy.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Influenza virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Airborne
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
By inhalation or by direct inoculation to the mucous membranes through indirect contact with
infectious respiratory secretions.
Infectivity period:
1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Most contagious in
the first 3-4 days after illness begins.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Infectious Agent:
Plasmodium spp.
Precautions:
Standard (Sleep under mosquito net)
Transmission route:
Mosquito bite and blood transfusion.
Infectivity period:
No direct person-to-person spread.
Infectious Agent:
Measles virus.
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Airborne
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
Close contact and direct inoculation of mucous membranes with secretions of an infected
person’s respiratory tract.
Infectivity period:
5 days from the onset of rash.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Infectious Agent:
Coliforms Listeria monocytogenes.
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route:
Respiratory tract.
Close contact, direct inoculation of mucous membranes.
Infectivity Period
Meningities is categious until at least 24 hours after treatment with affective
antibiotic.
Infectious Agent:
Meningococcus.
Precautions:
Standard
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Transmission route:
Respiratory tract.
Close contact,direct inoculation of mucous membranes.
Infectivity Period
For 48 h after start of effective antibiotic.
Visiting by all children should be discontinued.
Infectious Agent:
Haemophilus influenzae
(type b).
Precautions:
Standard
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Transmission route:
Respiratory
Infectivity Period
Duration of illness Close contacts should
be given rifampicin as a
prophylaxis.
Infectious Agent:
S. pneumoniae
(pneumococcal).
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route:
Respiratory tract
Infectivity Period
Meningities is categious until at least 24 hours after treatment with affective
antibiotic.
Infectious Agent:
Tuberculous.
Precautions:
Standard
Ariborne (as
pulmonary TB)
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Transmission route:
Respiratory tract
Infectivity Period
Duration of illness.
Isolate if the patient has open pulmonary TB.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Infectious agent:
Staphylococcus aureus
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
By direct contact with the infected site and indirectly by contact with fomites
and the hands of HCWs
Infectivity Period:
Colonized HCWs can be a continuous source.Can exist in environment from days to weeks Pt is
source till infection lasts
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Coliforms’, Pseudomonas and other Gram-negatives
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
By direct contact with the infected site and indirectly by contact with fomites and the hands
of HCWs
Infectivity period:
Can exist on environmental surfaces upto weeks Pt is source till infection lasts
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Mumps virus
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
Airborne
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Transmission route:
Airborne transmission or by droplet spread and direct contact with the saliva of an infected
person
Infectivity period:
7 days before to 9 days after onset of parotid swelling. Maximum
infectiousness 2 days before to 4 days after the onset of illness
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by air (e.g) Tuberculosis.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Infectious Agent:
Bacterial or Viral
Precautions:
Standard
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Transmission route:
Infected respiratory secretions
Infectivity period:
Until culture negative after effective antibiotic therapy.Duration of illness in case of viral
pneumonia.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Infectious Agent:
Rabies virus
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Infectivity period:
In dogs and cats the period for communication is for the duration of the illness.Transmission
from the saliva of an infected person is possible
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Corona virus
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Droplet
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Transmission route:
Person to person by direct contact or droplet spread of respiratory secretions of pts .Spread
by indirect contact from environment is very rare.
Infectivity period:
Duration of illness
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by droplets (e.g) Dipthheria, Pertussis, Pneumonia
Infectious Agent:
Sarcoptes scabei
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
By direct contact with infested skin and indirectly by contact with undergarments and bed
clothes if these have been contaminated by infested people immediately beforehand
Infectivity period:
Until completion of appropriate treatment
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Group A (Strep. pyogenes) Group B (Strep agalctiae) Group C, Group G
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Throat carriage, respiratory( Group A), and direct contact from infected lesions
Infectivity period:
Until culture negative after effective antibiotic therapy
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious agent:
Treponema pallidum
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Acquired by direct contact with the infectious exudates of obvious or concealed, moist, early
lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of
infected people, during sexual contact and transplacental.
Infectivity Period:
Whilst moist mucocutaneous lesions of primary and secondary syphilis
are present. Patients should be advised to avoid sexual contact until
treated. Follow-up and treatment of sexual contact are necessary to
prevent onward transmission
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Clostridium tetani
Precautions:
Standard
Transmission route:
Direct inoculation from contaminated soil via puncture wound or by injecting contaminated
street drugs
Infectivity period:
No human to human transmission
Infectious Agent:
Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Fecal-oral and by ingestion of contaminated food and water contaminated by feces and urine of
patients and carriers.
Person to person spread is common.
Contaminated food especially poultry
Infectivity period:
Convalescent carriers can be a continuous source Duration of Diarrhea in patients.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Enterococcus faecium and E.Facaelis
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
By direct and indirect contact with an infected or colonized person
Infectivity period:
Colonized person can be continuous source.Patient is source till infection.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
Infectious Agent:
Bacterial
Precautions:
Standard
Contact
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution
when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
(VRE), Open wounds.
Transmission route:
Direct and indirect contact
Infectivity period:
Until wound stops draining.
To be followed in addition to Standard Precaution when infection can spread by contact (e.g) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Open wounds.
